Alsace Lorraine departments evolution map-cs.svg 600 × 450; 303 KB Deutsches Reich (Karte) Elsaß-Lothringen.svg 650 × 545; 1.04 MB Dialectes d'Alsace-Lorraine au XIXe siècle.png 1,435 × 1,408; 420 KB Painting by Albert Bettannier, a native of Metz who fled to Paris after the annexation of his hometown, Map of Alsace-Lorraine and around, with German placenames, published in 1887, In 1871, the newly created German Empire's demand for Alsace from France after its victory in the Franco-Prussian War was not simply a punitive measure. I: 1911–1914, Bloomsbury Academic, 2015, p. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. The new border between France and Germany mainly followed the geolinguistic divide between French and German dialects, except in a few valleys of the Alsatian side of the Vosges mountains, the city of Metz and its region and in the area of Château-Salins (formerly in the Meurthe département), which were annexed by Germany although most people there spoke French. (The term actually appeared after World War I. Alsace-Lorraine was returned to France in 1919 after World War I. carte alsace lorraine. Although it was effectively led by Prussia, the new German Empire was a decentralized federal state. Historically, the area was at the centre of Charlemagne’s Frankish empire in the 9th century and later became part of the Germanys of the Holy Roman Empire, remaining a German territory under various sovereignties up to the Thirty Years’ War. Trouvez l’adresse qui vous intéresse sur la carte Lorraine ou préparez un calcul d'itinéraire à partir de ou vers Lorraine, trouvez tous les sites touristiques et les restaurants du Guide Michelin dans ou à proximité de Lorraine. FVp: Progressive People's Party. When Alsace and the Lorraine department became part of Germany, the French laws regarding religious bodies were preserved, with special privileges to the then recognised religions of Calvinism, Judaism, Lutheranism and Roman Catholicism, under a system known as the Concordat. [note 7][23][24] A small minority volunteered, notably the author of The Forgotten Soldier, known by the pseudonym Guy Sajer. Evacuees were allowed to return in July 1940. Karl Marx also warned his fellow Germans: "If Alsace and Lorraine are taken, then France will later make war on Germany in conjunction with Russia. Although the terms of the armistice specified that the integrity of the whole French territory could not be modified in any way, Adolf Hitler, the German Führer, drafted an annexation law in 1940 that he kept secret, expecting to announce it in the event of a German victory. The German military feared French partisans – or francs-tireurs, as they had been called during the Franco-Prussian War – would reappear. While the soviet councils disbanded themselves with the departure of the German troops between November 11 and 17,[15] the arrival of the French Army stabilized the situation: French troops put the region under occupatio bellica and entered Strasbourg on November 21. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Turen går mod øst til vinruten i Alsace! but on the Colmar prefecture building, the name of Belfort can be seen as a sous-prefecture. Romance dialects (belonging to the langues d'oïl like French): Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}48°40′N 7°00′E / 48.67°N 7°E / 48.67; 7, Territory created by the German Empire in 1871, An instruction dated 1920-08-14 from the assistant Secretary of State of the Presidency of the Council to the General Commissioner of the Republic in Strasbourg reminds that the term, The linguistic border ran on the north of the new border, including in the "Alemannic" territories, As of on October 26, 1914, we can read in Spindler's journal: "Then he recommends to me not to speak French. This map was created by a user. From an ethnic perspective, the transfer involved people who for the most part spoke Alemannic German dialects. Ride past gorgeous vineyards on your bike to discover picturesque villages, marvel at Renaissance house facades and stunning views over the Rhine River. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. The town of Montbéliard and its surrounding area to the south of Belfort, which have been part of the Doubs department since 1816, and therefore were not considered part of Alsace, were not included, although they were a Protestant enclave, as it belonged to Württemberg from 1397 to 1806. The new arrangement left many senior Prussian generals with serious misgivings about leading diverse military forces to guard a prewar frontier that, except for the northernmost section, was part of two other states of the new Empire – Baden and Bavaria. [citation needed]. It is unnecessary to go into the unholy consequences." [note 2] In 1900, 11.6% of the population of Alsace-Lorraine spoke French as their first language (11.0% in 1905, 10.9% in 1910). In this chaotic situation, Alsace-Lorraine's Landtag proclaimed itself the supreme authority of the land with the name of Nationalrat, the Soviet of Strasbourg claimed the foundation of a Republic of Alsace-Lorraine, while SPD Reichstag representative for Colmar, Jacques Peirotes, announced the establishment of the French rule, urging Paris to send troops quickly.[14]. Preț valabil exclusiv online! CARTE ROUTIERE ALSACE LORRAINE … The Peace of Westphalia (1648) concluding that war gave control of Alsace-Lorraine to France. By July 1921, 111,915 people categorized as "D" had been expelled to Germany. Refugee and resident Jews were also expelled. German authorities became increasingly worried about renewed French nationalism. For this reason, the Prussian General Staff argued that it was necessary for the Reich's frontier with France to be under direct Prussian control. Although it was never formally annexed, Alsace-Lorraine was incorporated into the Greater German Reich, which had been restructured into Reichsgau. [note 6]. The Reichsland governor stated in February 1918: "Sympathies towards France and repulsion for Germans have penetrated to a frightening depth the petty bourgeoisie and the peasantry". For that purpose, the population was divided in four categories: A (French citizens before 1870), B (descendants of such French citizens), C (citizens of Allied or neutral states) and D (enemy aliens - Germans). in Charles K. Warner, ed., Alain Denizot - (1996) - "Guerre mondiale, 1914-1918 - Campagnes et batailles" 67-68. [20], After the defeat of France in the spring of 1940, Alsace and Moselle were not formally annexed by Nazi Germany. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). (Today, the region is called "Bas Rhin" [Lower Rhine] in France.) France long sought to attain and then preserve what it considered to be its "natural boundaries", which were the Pyrenees to the southwest, the Alps to the southeast, and the Rhine River to the northeast. Alsace-Lorraine, German Elsass-Lothringen, area comprising the present French départements of Haut-Rhin, Bas-Rhin, and Moselle. A woman at the market, who probably was unaware that ", One of the famous case was the desertion from all the Alsatian soldiers from their German battalion on the eve of the Verdun offensive to warn the French army from the imminent attack. In relation to its special legal status, since its reversion to France following World War I, the territory has been referred to administratively as Alsace-Moselle (Alsatian: 's Elsàss-Mosel). Alsace-Lorraine for Kids. The regions of Alsace and Lorraine in the north east of France are perfect partners and share a taste for a genial outlook on life. The annexed area consisted of the northern part of Lorraine, along with Alsace. Prohibiting the speaking of French in public further increased the exasperation of some of the natives, who were long accustomed to mixing their conversation with French language (see code-switching); still, the use even of one word, as innocent as "bonjour", could incur a fine. This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license. It goes without saying that these measures excite the joker spirit of the people. France also suffered economically from the loss of Alsace-Lorraine’s valuable iron ore deposits, iron- and steelmaking plants, and other industries to Germany. Both celebrate Christmas in style and the festive markets of Strasbourg, Mulhouse, Metz and Nancy are famous for their gourmet delights. The département Meurthe-et-Moselle was maintained even after France recovered Alsace-Lorraine in 1919. Christophe Felder og hemmelighederne bag de berømte pain d'épices peberkager. Only the département of Meurthe changed its name and became Meurthe-et-Moselle after the border changes. German nationalism on the other hand, which in its 19th century form originated as a reaction against the French occupation of large areas of Germany under Napoleon, sought to unify all the German-speaking populations of the former Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation into a single nation-state. It originally was part of the Holy Roman Empire, but gradually became part of France from 1552 to 1798, by way of conquest and diplomatic compromises. Most of those who survived the war were interned in Tambov in Russia in 1945. Împachetare cadou gratuită! By Bas-Rhin). Alsace-Lorraine was the name given to the 5,067 square miles (13,123 square km) of territory that was ceded by France to Germany in 1871 after the Franco-German War. Transport gratuit peste 150 de lei. When the new Alsace-Lorraine constitution of 1911 provided for a bicameral state parliament (Landtag of Alsace-Lorraine [fr]) each recognised religion was entitled to send a representative into the first chamber of the Landtag as ex officio members (the bishops of Strasbourg and of Metz, the presidents of EPCAAL and EPRAL, and a delegate of the three Israelite consistories). The French government’s attempts to rapidly assimilate Alsace-Lorraine met with problems, however, especially in France’s plans to substitute state-run schools for the region’s traditional church schools and in its attempts to suppress German newspapers (German being the written language of 75 percent of the inhabitants). Corrections? Under the German Empire of 1871–1918, the annexed territory constituted the Reichsland or Imperial Territory of Elsaß-Lothringen (German for Alsace-Lorraine). Beginning in October 1942, young Alsatian and Lorrainian men were inducted into the German armed forces. Carte des Gouvernements de Lorraine et D'Alsace. For each location, ViaMichelin city maps allow you to display classic mapping elements (names and types of streets and roads) as well as more detailed information: pedestrian streets, building numbers, one-way streets, administrative buildings, the main local landmarks (town hall, station, post office, theatres, etc. Alsace-Lorraine is a romantic destination distinct for its cathedral and historical sites. German authorities developed policies aimed at reducing the influence of French. Speaking Alsatian, Lorraine Franconian or French was prohibited under German occupation, and learning German was obligatory. [citation needed] Creating a new Imperial Territory (Reichsland) out of formerly French territory would achieve this goal: although a Reichsland would not technically be part of the Kingdom of Prussia, being governed directly by the Empire (headed by the King of Prussia as Emperor and the minister-president of Prussia as Imperial Chancellor) would in practical terms amount to the same thing. in Charles K. Warner, ed.. Baumann, Ansbert. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. [note 4]. Read more. Alsace-Lorraine was divided into the départements of Haut-Rhin, Bas-Rhin and Moselle (the same political structure as before the annexation and as created by the French Revolution, with slightly different limits). Service de la carte géologique d'Alsace et de Lorraine. This area corresponded to the French départements of Bas-Rhin (in its entirety), Haut-Rhin (except the area of Belfort and Montbéliard), and a small area in the northeast of the Vosges département, all of which made up Alsace, and the départements of Moselle (four-fifths of it) and the northeast of Meurthe (one-third of Meurthe), which were the eastern part of Lorraine. Carte de l'Alsace Lorraine en 1914 - Carte de l'Alsace Lorraine sous l'empire allemand Chercher une commune, un code postal, un lieu... J'aime CartesFrance.fr ! For historical reasons specific legal dispositions are still applied in the territory in the form of a "local law". : You are free: to share – to copy, distribute and transmit the work; to remix – to adapt the work; Under the following conditions: attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. Both Germanic and Romance dialects were traditionally spoken in Alsace-Lorraine before the 20th century. The Alsace-Lorraine region of present-day France has "belonged" to both France and Germany in the past. Moreover, its population was initially enthusiastic over the new French republic, and German rule remained unpopular for some years among the inhabitants, who continued to protest the German annexation. Échelle(s) : 1:200 000Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : Alsace Topics: Alsace, Province d', Lorraine, Province de . [16][17] German-language Alsatian newspapers were also suppressed and all place names were francizised (e.g., Straßburg → Strasbourg, Mülhausen → Mulhouse, Schlettstadt → Sélestat, etc.). Nature lovers can explore top areas such as Lac de Gérardmer and Kaiserstuhl. One of the best family sites in the region is the Ecomuseum in Ungersheim between Colmar and Mulhouse (www.ecomusee-alsace.fr; tel. A network of rivers and canals covering the regions of Alsace and Lorraine provide a link with neighbouring countries such as Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany. ), Churchill, W. S., "The World Crisis, Vol. « Die Erfindung des Grenzlandes Elsass-Lothringen », in: Burkhard Olschowsky (ed. Alsace-Lorraine was occupied by Germany in 1940 during the Second World War. The area of Belfort became a special status area and was not reintegrated into Haut-Rhin in 1919 but instead was made a full-status département in 1922 under the name Territoire-de-Belfort. Ultimately, 100,000 Alsatians and 30,000 Mosellans were enrolled, many of them to fight on the Eastern Front against the Soviet Red Army. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Confluence of the branches of the Ill River, Strasbourg, Grand Est. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/place/Alsace-Lorraine, The Catholic Encyclopedia - Alsace-Lorraine, Alsace-Lorraine - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). Maplandia.com in partnership with Booking.com offers highly competitive rates for all types of hotels in Alsace, from affordable family hotels to the most luxurious ones. 1771 (dated) 13 x 17.5 in (33.02 x 44.45 cm) 1 : 930000. Seager, Frederic H. "The Alsace-Lorraine Question in France, 1871-1914." Retur gratuit în 15 zile. Shading showing départements before 1870 with black lines after 1871. Frederic H. Seager, "The Alsace-Lorraine Question in France, 1871-1914." Un peu de géographie sur L’Aslace-Lorraine Ancienne carte Alsace-Lorraine – ©CC0 Domaine public L’Alsace. Get information on Alsace-Lorraine Travel Guide - Expert Picks for your Vacation hotels, restaurants, entertainment, shopping, sightseeing, and activities. In Metz, French street names, which had been displayed in French and German, were suppressed in January 1915. By 1905, however, many of Alsace-Lorraine’s Roman Catholics had been alienated by the French republic’s anticlerical policies, and so they shifted their aspirations toward an autonomous Alsace-Lorraine within the German Empire. Situated 20km southwest of Grand Ballon as the crow flies (by road, take the D465 from St-Maurice), the 1247m-high Ballon d’Alsace marks the meeting point of the Alsace, Franche-Comté and Lorraine régions. From a military perspective, by early 1870s standards, shifting the frontier away from the Rhine would give the Germans a strategic buffer against feared future French attacks. formed in 1910 as a merger of all leftist liberal parties. Since then many of the French prewar governmental policies that had clashed with the region’s particularism have been modified, and the autonomist movement has largely disappeared. During the occupation, Moselle was integrated into a Reichsgau named Westmark and Alsace was amalgamated with Baden. Apr 1, 2016 - It was as a result of the Franco-Prussian War that on May 10, 1871 France was first forced to surrender Alsace and part of Lorraine to Germany. Indisponibil . This comprised about one third of the population of Alsace and Moselle, or about 600,000 residents. The loss of Alsace-Lorraine was a major cause of anti-German feeling in France in the period from 1871 to 1914. Beginning in 1942, people from Alsace and Moselle were made German citizens by decree of the Nazi government.[22]. Transitional between Central German and Upper German: Byrnes, Joseph F. "The relationship of religious practice to linguistic culture: language, religion, and education in Alsace and the Roussillon, 1860–1890. The domestic politics in the new Reich may have been decisive. ", Harp, Stephen L. "Building the German nation. Louis-Frédéric Schützenberger's The Exodus (1872), depicting Alsatians leaving newly annexed Alsace for France. We Germans who know Germany and France know better what is good for the Alsatians than the unfortunates themselves. Read the Fodor's reviews, or post your own. Find tours through Alsace and Lorraine. Carte Lorraine - Carte et plan détaillé Lorraine Vous recherchez la carte ou le plan Lorraine et de ses environs ? Covers from Champagne east to Souabe, north to Luxembourg, and south to Switzerland. Sometimes they were known as the malgré-nous, which could be translated into English as "against our will". In the new Empire's constitution, both states, but especially Bavaria, had been given concessions with regard to local autonomy, including partial control of their military forces. The rest of the département of Meurthe was joined with the westernmost part of Moselle which had escaped German annexation to form the new département of Meurthe-et-Moselle. Death of young men in the French army in 1939–1945; +1.24% population growth per year during 1946–1975, a period of rapid population and economic growth in France known as the, +0.39% population growth per year during 1975–2010, a period marked by, German and Germanic dialects: 1,492,347 (86.8%), French and Romance dialects: 198,318 (11.5%), German and a second language: 7,485 (0.4%), Protestant: 21.78% (18.87% Lutherans, 2.91% Calvinists). [4] Some German industrialists did not want the competition from Alsatian industries, such as the cloth makers who would be exposed to competition from the sizeable industry in Mulhouse. Content The Canal de la Marne au Rhin, the Canal du Rhône au Rhin (north), the river Moselle, the Canal des Vosges, the Canal de l'Est, the Sarre Colliery Canal and the River Sarre as far as Sarrebrücken. As soon as war was declared, both the French and German authorities used the inhabitants of Alsace-Lorraine as propaganda pawns. Université de Strasbourg. Thereafter, especially with the grant of a constitution in 1911, some progress was made toward Germanization in the region. Linguistically, the German dialect known as Alsatian remains the lingua franca of the region, and both French and German are taught in the schools. Auteur du texte IMPRIMERIES RÉUNIES DE STRASBOURG (Strasbourg. Death of young men in the German army (1914–1918); +0.76% population growth per year during 1921–1936. 03-89-62-43-00).It’s a reconstructed turn-of-the-20th-century Alsatian village of over 70 buildings, including houses, … Blottie entre le massif vosgien à l’ouest et le Rhin qui forme une frontière naturelle entre la France et l’Allemagne à l’est, l’Alsace étonne ses visiteurs par … This territory was retroceded to France in 1919 after World War I, was ceded again to Germany in 1940 during World War II, and was again retroceded to France in 1945. ), This page was last edited on 28 November 2020, at 23:10. [citation needed] German troops occupied some homes. Today, these territories enjoy laws that are somewhat different from the rest of France – these specific provisions are known as the local law. Carte murale d'Alsace et de Lorraine . The territory encompassed 93% of Alsace and 26% of Lorraine, while the rest of these regions remained part of France. During the Reichstag elections, the 15 deputies of 1874, 1881, 1884 (but one) and 1887 were called protester deputies (fr: députés protestataires) because they expressed to the Reichstag their opposition to the annexation by means of the 1874 motion in the French language: "May it please the Reichstag to decide that the populations of Alsace-Lorraine that were annexed, without having been consulted, to the German Reich by the treaty of Frankfurt have to come out particularly about this annexation. In the years before 1870 the Germans feared the French more than the French feared the Germans. Alsace was merged with Baden, and Lorraine with the Saarland, to become part of a planned Westmark. Ai întrebări? For centuries, Alsace-Lorraine was a major topic of conflict between France and Germany, as both countries claimed the region as its own. The Germans responded to the outbreak of war with harsh measures against the Alsace-Lorraine populace:[10] the Saverne Affair had convinced the high command that the population was hostile to the German Empire and that it should be forced into submission. The German administration was tolerant of the use of the French language (in sharp contrast to the use of the Polish language in the Province of Posen), and French was permitted as an official language and school language in those areas where it was spoken by a majority. Find local businesses, view maps and get driving directions in Google Maps. 4.". ISBN: 9782067135246. Enjoy the cafés and restaurants or perhaps you'll want to book a sightseeing tour during your stay. In the perversion of their French life they have no exact idea of what concerns Germany. The streets are infested with informers, men and women, who touch rewards and make arrest the passers by for a simple "merci" said in French. ; Centre national de la recherche scientifique (France); Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg. [8], In the early 20th century, the increased militarization of Europe, and the lack of negotiation between major powers, led to harsh and rash actions taken by both sides in respect to Alsace-Lorraine during World War I. These border-changes, at the time, meant more or less that one ruler (the local princes and city-governments, with some remaining power of the Holy Roman Emperor) was exchanged for another (the King of France); it was the French revolution that turned what might have been called "the King of France's German territories" into parts of France proper. Because of its ancient German associations and because of its large German-speaking population, Alsace-Lorraine was incorporated into the German Empire after France’s defeat in the Franco-German War (1870–71). The Treaty of Frankfurt gave the residents of the region until October 1, 1872, to choose between emigrating to France or remaining in the region and having their nationality legally changed to German. Alsace-Lorraine belonged to France during the seventeenth and ISSN: 0037-2560: OCLC Number: 10663241: Notes: At head of title: Université de Strasbourg. This included its constitution and state assembly, its own flag, and the Elsässisches Fahnenlied ("Alsatian Flag Song") as its anthem. Booking.com, being established in 1996, is longtime Europe’s leader in online hotel reservations. Signalements de PAN/OVNI et phénomènes annexes pour la Lorraine, l'Alsace et les pays limitrophes (Luxembourg, Belgique, Allemagne). Early in World War II, the collapse of France in 1940 was followed by the second German annexation of Alsace-Lorraine, which was again returned to France in 1945. Taste authentic French wine and cheese in the mountains then visit historic sites in Strasbourg, Colmar, Largarde and many more. The evacuation was aimed at providing space for military operations and for protecting citizens from attack. All the mentioned religious bodies retained the status as établissements publics de culte (public bodies of Religion). As a consequence, Alsace-Lorraine developed a strong “home rule” movement in the 1920s and unsuccessfully sought autonomy within the French Republic. This would only change with the First World War in 1914. Thousands of residents who considered themselves French emigrated during this period. Under German rule, Alsace-Lorraine was classified as a Reichsland (imperial state) and was denied effective self-government until 1902. [21] Through a series of laws which individually seemed minor, Berlin took de facto control of Alsace-Lorraine, and Alsatians-Lorrainians could be drafted into the German Army.